ʻO keʻano o ka'ōnaehana'ōpiopio o ka bipi

ʻO ka bipi no nā lūlū, i ka wā eʻai ana, e'ānai i ka meaʻai, me ka hanaʻole i ke kuʻiʻana, a ma hope aku, oiai e hoʻomaha ana, e kāpiliʻia mai ka'ōpū i loko o ka waha a mālie me ke akahele. ʻO ia ke kumu, e nānā ana i ka bipi e hoʻomoe ana, hiki iāʻoe keʻike e kokoke i nā manawa a pau e hoʻomoe ana. ʻO kēiaʻano meaʻai kūpono e kōkua i ka holoholona e hoʻohana pono i ka manawa hānai a lawe i ka nui o nā mea waiwai mai nā mea kanu.

Keʻike neiʻoe? Ua hana ke kanaka i kahi bipi ma kahi o 8,000 mau makahiki i hala. Inā i kēia lā, hoʻokomo mākou i nā kānaka ola a pau ma kekahiʻaoʻao o kaʻeleʻele, aʻo nā bipi a me nā bipi a pau ma ka lua, aʻo ka nui o ke kaumaha o ka "hornon" e aneaneʻekolu manawa i ka nui o ka heluna o ka heluna o ka Honua.

ʻO nā'ōnaehana'ōpiopio o ka bipi kau i nā'āpana:

ka puka waha - nā lehelehe, nā niho a me nā'ōlelo. Hoʻopili e hopu, e'ati a hoʻoponopono i ka meaʻai;
esophagus. Hoʻopiliʻia ka'ōpū me ka pharynx, he lōʻihi o ke kokoke paha he 0.5 mika;
ka'ōpū. Aia nā keʻenaʻehā a lawelaweʻia no ka'ōpala a me ka nui o kaʻai;
ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. Hoʻonui i nā meaʻai me ka bile a me nā wai, ka hoʻomohoʻana i nā meaʻai i loko o ke koko;
ka pūpū nui. Hana i ka meaʻai hou o kaʻai, ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka hoʻokuʻuʻana o nā lehulehu.

Keʻano o nā'ōpena o nā bipi: 1 - parotid salivary gland; 2; 3 -'ā'ī; 4 - ka waha waha; 5 - lalo o ka'ōmole iʻa; 6 - larynx; 7 - ke alahele; 8 - esophagus; 9 - ate; 10 - ka hopena heppa; 11 - cystic bile duct; 12 - huihuʻi; 13 - ka lōʻihi bile; 14 - Māla; 15 - pancreas; 16 - ka'ōwili pancreatic; 17 - abomasum; 12 - Duodenum; 19 - jejunum; 20 - kolona; 21 - ileum; 22 - secum; 23 - ka'ōwili; 24 He wahi moe; 25 - ka puke; 26 - ka hopena mokopoko

Ka waha: nā lehelehe, ka lehelehe, ka niho

Me kahi o nā niho, ua uhiʻia ka'ōpū o loko o kahi o ka pahu o ka bipi i kahi membrane mucous. ʻO nā lehelehe, ka alelo a me nā niho o nā holoholona e hoʻohanaʻia nei e hopuʻia, haʻalulu, a me ka'ōpala i nā meaʻai. ʻO nā lehelehe a me nā papalina he mea waha waha a hana i ka hana o ka mālamaʻana i ka meaʻai ma ka waha. ʻO ka meaʻaiʻoluʻolu nuiʻo ka'ōpena muscular -ʻo ke alelo. Me ka hopena, loaʻa ka bipi i ka meaʻai, kōkua i ka inuʻana a me ka inu, manaʻo i nā mea likeʻole, mālama i ke kino a me nā pilina me nā pilina. Aia ma luna o konaʻala he nui i ka papillae horny, ke hana nei i ka hopuʻana a me ka puhiʻana i ka meaʻai.

E nānā hou i ka anatomia a me nā hiʻohiʻona physiological o nā pipi.

ʻO nā niho he mau iwi enamel iwi no ka paʻiʻana a me ka mīpalaʻana. ʻAʻohe pua i ka bipi, ma kahi o ka'ōmole niho paʻakiki ma luna o kaʻaʻa luna e kū pono ana i nā kumu komo lalo. ʻO kēiaʻano ka mea e hiki ai i ka holoholona ke hoʻokomo i ka mauʻu. Hoʻopili i nā niho o nā bipi: 1 - ke kino o ka iwi incisal; ka iwi o ka poho niho; 2 - wahi'ānunuʻole (ka palena); I - incisors; C - mau piʻi; P - premolars; M - kola I hānauʻia nā keiki me nā niho, hiki i ka iwi ākea ke paʻa i nā niho he 20, a me ka iwi āpau o ka bipi - 32 mau niho. Hoʻohuliʻia nā niho mua me nā mea mua e hoʻomaka i kahi 14 mau makahiki.

ʻO kaʻula luna o ka bipi uaʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka lalo, a ua hoʻololiʻia hoʻi ka iwi ākea e hana i nā'ākauʻaoʻao (ke kihi). ʻO nā mola o ka holoholona, heʻano like ia me keʻano o nā mea e like me keʻano, a ma muli o keʻano kūikawā o nā'ā'ī, ka hana o kaʻaiʻana i ka meaʻai i ka manawa e hana maikaʻi loa ai ke kulu.

He mea nui! Ma nā keiki bipi, hoʻomaka ka hana hoʻomana i ka puleʻekolu o ko lākou ola. Ma nā bipi kauō, hana 30-30 mau minuke ma hope o kaʻaiʻana a me ka hānaiʻana paha, a ke kau nei i kahi 40-50 mau minuke. ʻO ka helu maʻamau o nā lūlū i kēlā me kēia lā he mau manawaʻelima.

ʻO ka momona a me ka esophagus

Ma ka waha waha o ka pipi, hui pūʻia me nāʻala salivary me kaʻokoʻaʻokoʻa: aia i ka parotid, submandibular, sublingual, indigenous a supraorbital (zygomatic). ʻO kā lākou mea hūnā aia kekahi mau enzymes e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka malo a me ka maltose.

ʻO ka mea ma hope, ka heleʻana o nā meaʻai i loko o ka esophagus,ʻo ia ka puʻupuʻu muscle me kahi lōʻihi paha o hoʻokahi mita. I kēiaʻano, lawe muaʻia ka mea mai ka pharynx i ka'ōpū, a laila hoʻi i ka waha no ka paleʻana.

Pau

Aia ka'ōpū i ka'ōpū puʻupuʻu nui me nā keʻenaʻehā:

lele;
mēna;
puke;
inoa

ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo,ʻo ka'ōpū i piha i ka'ōpū e hoʻopuka ana i ka wai puna. ʻO nā keʻena i koeʻekolu i hoʻohanaʻia no ka hoʻohālikeʻana i ka meaʻai, ua kapaʻia lākou he lola a iʻole ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o ka esophagus.

ʻO ka'ōpili o ka'ōpū o ka bipi.ʻO ka cicatrix, kaʻupena a me ka bukeʻaʻole kahi momona no ka hanaʻana i ka waiʻawaʻawa, ua hoʻomoʻaʻia, kōmomo a mālamaʻia nā mea hānai.

Huli

ʻO kēia ke keʻena mua o ka'ōpū o ka bipi, a nona ka helu nui loa - 100-200 lita aʻoi aku. Aia ka'ilika ma kaʻaoʻao hema o ka lua o ka pūpū, kahi e noho kokoke ana, a ua uluʻia e nā microinganisms e hoʻolako i ka meaʻai mua o ka meaʻai. ʻO kaʻili ke i loko o kaʻalua muscular double - ka liʻiliʻi a me ka'ōwili, a ua māheleʻia iʻelua mauʻaoʻao e ka huina. Ma luna o kona membrane mucous ka lōʻihi o ka papillane he umi kenetimita. Ma kēia mua o ka'ōpū e puka i ka 70% o ka'ōnaehana holoʻokoʻa a pau. ʻO ka maheleʻana o kahi mea maloʻo, no ka mechanical mixing a me ka'ō'ōʻana o ka meaʻai, ka meaʻai me nā mea huna o nā mea kanu a me ka wai.

He mea nui! ʻO ka nui o nā hua bacteria a me nā protozo i loko o ka'ōpū o ka bipi kāne makua,ʻoi aku iʻekolu mau kilokani. Mahalo i kēia mau meaʻanoʻano, nā pūʻona hiʻona a kahaʻia ka cellulose i nā meaʻono maʻalahi, a hāʻawi i ka bipi i makemake nuiʻia.

ʻO ka hopena, ua puka mai nā pūpū likeʻole, kahi i hoʻomoʻaʻia ai kekahi o nā mea i loko o kaʻili āpau i loko o ke koko, a laila komo i loko o ke ake, i kahi e loaʻa ai nā hana hou. Hoʻohana pūʻia lākou e ka nū no ka hōhā o nā mea waiū. Mai ka rumen mai, komo kaʻai i loko o ka upena aiʻole e komo i loko o ka waha no ka houʻana.

Mālama

I loko o ka mākia, ua hoʻonaniʻia ka meaʻai,ʻikeʻia i nā meaʻanoʻano, a ma muli o ka hana a nāʻiʻo, ua māheleʻia ka māhele'āina i nā hakina nui e komo ana i ka puke a me ke koʻikoʻi, i hoʻounaʻia i ka rumen. Mālamaʻia ka inoa ma muli o ka hale pūnaewele, kahi hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā hakina nui. Ke hana maoli nei kēia 'oihana i ka hana o ka unuhiʻana a me ka nui - a hiki i ka 10 rita -ʻoi aku i lalo o ka maʻi. Aia ia ma ka umauma, ma mua o ka maʻile, hoʻokahi maka e pili ana i ka diaphragm.

Eia hou, ke hoʻoukaʻia nei e ke kikowaena ka hana o ka belching, e hele ana i nā mea lāʻauʻeleʻele a hoʻihoʻi i nā mea nui i ka esophagus a laila ka wāwae waha.

Hiki mākou iāʻoe e noʻonoʻo i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hanana, kahi a me nā hana o ka naʻau, ka iwi, nā pepeiao, nā niho, nā maka o nā pipi.

ʻO kahi puke

ʻO kēia lumi me ka nui o 10-20 lita ka mea i hanaʻia no ka hanaʻana i nā meaʻai, a hoʻoneʻeʻia e nā holoholona ma hope o ke kālua. Aia ia i loko o ka mākauʻaoʻao ma ka'ākau, ma kaʻaoʻao o 7-9 mauʻaoʻao o ka holoholona. Ua kapaʻia kēia inoa o kēia kahawai ma muli o keʻano o ka membrane mucous,ʻo ia ka nui o nā pa i keʻano o nā pepa lau.

Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻomauʻana o kēia māhele o ka'ōpū i nā mau fiber kelepope i'ōwili muaʻia, kahi i hoʻopauʻia ai ko lākou hopena hope loa a lilo i mush, komo i ka abomasum.

'Apomasum

ʻO ka pūpū he'ōpūʻoiaʻiʻo,ʻo kona mau hueʻa e hoʻomau mau i ka wai momona,ʻo ia hoʻi ka waikawa hydrochloric, pepsin, trypsin, a me kekahi mau leka. Ma lalo o ko lākou mana,ʻoi aku kaʻokiʻana o nā meaʻai.

ʻO ka abomasum me ka lūlū o ka 5-15 lita ka mea ma loko o ka mākau ma waena o ka'ākau, kahi noho ma ka'āpana 9-12 intercostal spaces.

He mea nui loa ia ma nā keiki bipi, no ka mea,ʻaʻole i koe ka'ōpū. Ma mua o kaʻaiʻana i ka meaʻai paʻa, wai ka wai - waiū - komo koke i loko o ka'ōpū maoli i loko o ka'ōpū.

Mai ka hebedomaʻekolu wale nō, i ka wā eʻikeʻia ai nāʻano keakea i kaʻai o nā'ōpiopio'ōpiopio, ua hoʻomakaʻia ke kāhili, ua hoʻonuiʻia ka microflora, a me ka hopenaʻai.

Nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi

Ma waho o ka'ōpū, hoʻomoʻaʻia ka meaʻai i loko o ka'ōpū liʻiliʻi, aʻekolu mauʻano nui:

ka duodenum (90-120 cm);
Iejunum (35-38 m);
ileum (1 m).

Maanei, hanaʻia ka meaʻai e nā pancreatic juices a me ka bile, a komo nā meaʻai i loko o ke koko. Aia ka'ōpū liʻiliʻi i ka hypochondrium pono a hele i ka puka verdebra 4th. ʻO ke anawaena o ka'ōpū liʻiliʻi o ka bipi kāne'elemāne he 4.5 knm, a ua lōʻihi kona lōʻihi i 46 m. Ua uhiʻia kona loko i nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, kahi e hoʻonui ai ka'āpana a me ka maikaʻi o ka absorption.

Keʻike neiʻoe? Ua koiʻia nā bipi e lilo i mau lūlū. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke holo wikiwiki mai kaʻenemi aʻaʻohe ikaika ikaika aʻoi aku paha i ka māmā, no laila ua ulu lākou i kā lākou hana pono'ī:'ānai i ka wikiwiki, hikiʻole keʻai, aʻai i ka wā ma hope o ka lewa.

ʻO nā enzymes e hoʻopololei ka pāpā a me nā paia o ke kino i nā'ōpona'aleʻa, nā momona a me ke kinetona. Bile, e komo ana i ka duodenum ma ke kalo o ka bile, e kōkua i ka laweʻana o ka momona a hoʻomākaukau i nā huahana o kaʻaiʻana no kaʻaʻai.

Ka nui nui

A laila, ua komo ka meaʻai i loko o ke kolo, i paniʻia e nā paukū nei:

kēia mea (30-70 cm);
pākuʻi (6-9 m);
kuhi.

ʻO ke anawaena o ka'ōpū nui he mau manawa ka nui o ke anawaena o ka mea liʻiliʻi, aʻaʻohe kīpili ma konaʻaoʻao.

Ke kiʻi o ka'ōpū bipi: 1 - kaʻaoʻao pyloric o ka'ōpū; 2 - Duodenum; 3 - jejunum; 4 - ileum; 5 - cecum; 6-10 - kolona; 11 - rectumʻO ka caecum ka māhele mua o ka pūpū nui a he wai e waihoʻia ana mai ka pūpū limaʻokoʻa nui. Ma hope o kaʻeliʻana i ka meaʻai ma ka abomasum a me ka'ōpū liʻiliʻi, e ulu houʻia ka mea kanu microbial i loko o kēia cecum.

ʻO kaʻaoʻao aʻe - ka pūʻali - i māheleʻia i nā'āpana kūpono a me nā'āpana. Hoʻohana ia i kahi mea liʻiliʻi i ke kaʻina hana o ka'eliʻuʻana a me ka absorption o nā meaʻai. ʻO kāna hana nui ke kūkuluʻiaʻana o kaʻala.

He mea nui! ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ka pipi mai 39 a 63 mau mika, me ka awelika he 51 meters. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka bipi a me ka lōʻihi o kona'ōpū he 1:20.

ʻO nā'ōpili i waena o ka'ōpū e hana i ka hanaʻana o ka fermentation o nā huaʻalea, a me ka huapalapala pāʻani - ka lukuʻia o nā hopena hope loa o ka'ōpona kinamele. ʻO nā pā i loko o ka pāʻani, me ka nele o ka papillae a me ka villi no ka laweʻana o nā meaʻai, mālama pono i nā wai a me nā paʻakai.

Ma muli o ke kaohiʻana o nā peristalsis,ʻo nā mea i koe i loko o ka pūpū nui ma o ke koloka e komo i ka laina pololei kahi e hoʻonui ai nā pua fecal. Hiki ke hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o ka'ōlohelohe o waho e ke ala hiki anal.

No laila,ʻo ka pūnaewele'ōnaehana a me ka makaukau o ka bipi, he māmā maikaʻi ia. Mahalo iā ia, hiki i nā holoholona ke hoʻohana i nā hānai maikaʻi - nā lālā a me kaʻaila, a me keʻano momona, ka voluminous - mauʻu a me ka hay. A o kekahi mau malfunctions ma kekahi papahana o ka mea lako meaʻai e hiki ke noonoo i loko o kona mana hana.