Nā hua waina - kahi moʻomeheu e koi ai i ka nānā nui, ʻoi aku inā ulu ia ʻaʻole ma ka hema o Rūsia, akā i ka waena waena a i Siberia paha. ʻOiai ke aloha wela ka mea kanu, ua paʻakikī nui iā ia ke ola i loko o ke ea anuanu, a me ka nele o ka mālama pono ʻana, ka ʻāina kūpono ʻole a me nā maʻi like ʻole e luku wale i ka hua, akā, nā lāʻau āpau, me nā lau, nā aʻa a me nā aʻa.
ʻO nā hua waina, e like me ka hapa nui o nā mea ola e hele pinepine ʻia e ka maʻi, i lawe ʻia mai kahi mea maʻi maʻi i kahi olakino. I kēia ala, nā maʻi like ʻole o nā maʻi, nā fungi a me nā pōʻino ʻino.
I ka manawa pinepine, ʻo ka mauʻu a me nā pōpoki liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, e like me nā pepeke a me nā rodents, ʻo ia ka mea lawe i nā maʻi i nā māla waina.
No nā lāʻau i hoʻopilikia ʻia, ʻo kahi āpau o waho e pili i ko lākou ulu a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻo ia ka lepo ʻāina, kona ʻano, ka hoʻā ʻana o ka ea, ka maʻamau o ka ua, a me nā mea pono. No ka laʻana, i ka wā kahawai, he palaʻai ʻuʻohi wale nō e pala.
Aia kahi ʻano he lēʻeha o ka maʻi pāka - i loaʻa kēia i nā hōʻeha kūlohelohe, e like me ka mea kūpono ʻole, ka wā kūlohelohe o nā lau, nā ʻūpū ʻana i nā aʻa e nā mea lāʻau.
Nā maʻi kumu o nā hua waina
ʻO ka maʻi maʻamau loa e ʻike i nā mahiʻai a me ka winemakers i kapa ʻia ia he ʻōpala (sidium), a ma nā huaʻōlelo maʻalahi - downy mildew.
Hoʻopilikia kēia ʻōpio i nā lau waina, nā wana a me nā hua waina, i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā melemele a me nā hina hina. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻowahāwahā kēia hōʻailona, inā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke noho ʻana me ka ʻole o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, akā maʻamau nō hoʻi me ka ʻole o ka hua i ka pūnaewele.
Hoʻokomo nā ʻōpū ma ka lepo, ma nā lau hāʻule i pala a maloʻo hoʻi a lawe ʻia e ka makani ma luna o nā wahi nui o nā māla waina. Hoʻopuka nā lau ʻōpio a me nā pala o nā huaʻai i ka hōʻino ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka poʻe kahiko i kēia mau maʻi.
No ka pale aku, kuʻi nā māla ʻoihana i nā wana i ʻole lākou e moe i ka ʻāina; stepchild a kāpae i nā ʻōpuaʻoi aʻe; Hoʻomaʻemaʻe lākou iā ia ma lalo o nā māla waina, ka hoʻohemo a kinai i nā lau hāʻule, a pāheʻe iā lākou me ka hoʻomākaukau a me ke keleawe-manawa 5-6 manawa i kēlā me kēia kau (1% Bordeaux hui, kele chloroxide). Hoʻopiha ʻia ka hoʻōki ʻana 3 mau pule ma mua o ke ʻoki ʻana.
Hoʻohana ʻia me ka ʻeha i ka wā e wāʻai ʻana i nā waina me nā fungicides. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena maikaʻi me Zircon. He helu o nā pono hana: Strobi, Polikhom, Rodimol Gold.
ʻO kekahi ʻōno kino ʻē aʻe ʻo Oidium. Ke hele liʻiliʻi nei ia i ka liʻiliʻi, akā ua like nā hōʻailona me ka maʻi mua - nā pua hina ma nā lau a me nā hua.
ʻO ka inoa kaulana loa o ka maʻi ka wulu ʻōpala. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hana i nā mea e pale ai a mālama ai i kēia maʻi, he pilikia koʻikoʻi ka hua. ʻO ka mua, e hoʻomaka ka hua waina a hua, a i loko o kekahi mau makahiki e nalowale loa ka moʻomeheu.
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā kaʻina hana pale i ka poʻe no ka mū. E kōkua ka like o nā hana e pale i ka mea kanu mai nā maʻi.
No ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, pono ia e hoʻohana i nā hoʻonā me ka hoʻohui o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka pulū. Hoʻokomo pū ʻo Sulfur i ka maʻi, a mālama i ka hua.
No ka hopena o ka hoʻopau ʻana, pono e hoʻokahe iki ʻia ʻo 80 maule o ka ʻaila ma loko o kahi pākī wai. Hoʻohui ʻia, nā pulupulu kōpaʻa me ka hoʻohui o ka lāʻau resin hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia. E kōkua hoʻi ka Carbis Top, Tiovit, ʻo Topaz.
Anthracnose - hoʻomaloʻo o ka māla. Hoʻopili i nā lau a me nā lālā me nā kuʻala brown a maloʻo. ʻO ia ke hana pinepine ʻia e nā nalu pinepine.
Hoʻohālike ʻia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe e like me ka mū - ke kāohi lāʻau a hoʻoneʻe i nā ʻōpio i hoʻopau ʻia.
Inā loaʻa i kahi maʻi i kahi ʻano maʻamau, a ua kau mai iā ʻoe - pono ʻoe e hoʻohana i nā fungicides, e like me: Kartotsid, Fundazol, Polycarbacin, Ordan, Previkur, Artserid, Abiga-Peak. Pono e mālama ʻia ka lāʻau antifungal i nā manawa ʻelua i ʻelua.
ʻO nā maʻi like-Anthracnose - Cercosporosis. I ka wā e loaʻa ai ka maʻi, lilo nā lau i uhi ʻia me nā wahi o kaʻaila o ka ʻoliva a maloʻo. No ka mālamaʻana, e hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻano Bordeaux.
ʻO ka maʻi maʻamau ka maʻi maʻa. Eia nā huaʻōlelo ʻoi loa: ua uhi ʻia nā hua me kahi kāʻei keʻokeʻo heterogeneous, a he hina a ʻulaʻula paha nā ʻaoʻao o ka mea kanu. Kaʻai koke ʻana i nā huaʻai. ʻO ka huakaʻi Bordeaux e kōkua maikaʻi i ka hakakā.
Escoriasis (kiʻi ʻeleʻele) - ʻike kēia ʻōpū i nā wahi ʻeleʻele ma o ka mea kanu. Ua ʻeleʻele ka lau, hua a me nā lālā. ʻO nā kua i loko o ka maʻi i huli ai ka ʻeleʻele, maloʻo a hāʻule i lalo, ʻaʻole hiki ke paʻa i ka paio. No ka hoʻopakele i ka mea kanu, pono ka kanu a me ka puhi ʻana i nā lālā i hoʻopau ʻia, a hiki ke mālama ʻia hoʻi ka lāʻau me ka antifungal fungicide Medea ME, a hana pono ʻia kēia ma ka wā mua, i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai nā pua.
ʻAhuahū. Hoʻopilikia kēia maʻi maʻi i ka lāʻau ma waena o ka wā, i kahi mahana wela. ʻO nā pepa paʻi keʻokeʻo ma nā lau o lalo. Ma muli o ka nui o nā mea i loaʻa i ka mole, ua hiki ke make nui ka mea kanu, akā aia kekahi manawa e puka ai ka maʻi mai kahi ʻano maʻi no kekahi mau makahiki. Kōkua ʻo Arsenite me kēia ʻuʻū, akā, he mea ʻona a pono e hoʻohana ʻia me ka akahele. 
ʻIli hina, hina keokeʻo, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele
Kūpule hina - hina keʻa fibrous e hoʻopili i kekahi wahi o ka mea kanu. I ka hapanui pinepine, ʻike ʻia ma nā lalo o lalo o nā hua. Maʻi kino loa, ʻilihune ʻole. Palapala manaʻo Medea ME, Title 390, Switch, Horus, Antracol. No ka pale aku, pono ʻoe e hoʻāla i nā hua ʻōmole mai ka ʻili o ka honua, e hōʻoki i ka mea kanu, kāpae i ka mauʻu, mai hana pālahalaha me nā maniua nitrogen.
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa loa ka lei keʻokeʻo mai iā ia. Me kēia maʻi, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka hua. ʻO ke kao keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, e like me ka ʻaihue, uhi ʻia nā pale ma ka ʻokoʻa a i ʻole. ʻAʻole mau kēia maʻi e kamaʻilio pū me nā maʻi ʻoʻi, inā i ka manawa ke kūleʻa ʻia ka mea kanu i ka lāʻau. Hoʻohālike ʻia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe e like me ka mū.
ʻOliuli ʻōpala. Me kēia maʻi, nāʻeleʻele o nā hua a me nā hua. I ka wā e nalowale ai, loaʻa iā lākou ke kala ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha. Ke holo wikiwiki nei ka maʻi, e laha nei i nā wahi olakino, kēlā, kēia māhuahua o ka ʻili. No ka mālamaʻana, ʻo Antracol, Topaz a me nā fungicides me kahi moʻi keleawe e kūpono.
ʻO ka Armillarosis kahi maʻi huhū e hoʻopili i nā aʻa a me nā lau o nā hua waina. I ka wā mua e huli i ka melemele, a i ka hāʻule ʻana e uhi lākou i ka ʻōpala melemele a me ka brown. Hana ʻia nā hua waina me nā fungicides me ke keleawe.
He maʻi ʻo Verticillosis e holo ana ma mua o ʻelima mau makahiki. I ka wā o ka maʻi, make ke ʻoki a waiho nā melemele. No ka mālamaʻana, kūpono ka pīpī lāʻau me Fundazol.
ʻO ka maʻi Viral o Palaka
ʻO nā maʻi kino loa loa o nā hua waina. Ua ʻike ka poʻe loea loiloi a me ka poʻe mahiʻai me kahi maʻi maʻi maʻi, ʻo ke ala maikaʻi wale nō ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka nahele, no ka mea, he mau mea maʻi ʻole ia. Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka maʻi maʻi e nā pōʻino liʻiliʻi e lawe ʻia e nā ʻōpio ʻōpio a i ʻole nā mea hihiu.
He mea paʻakikī loa kēlā mau maʻi, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i like ka hōʻailona o nā maʻi huelo a i ʻole ka hopena o ka hōʻino o waho i ke kumu waina, no laila e pono ai e lawe i nā ʻano pale like ʻole:
- Ke kanu ʻana i nā hua kanu "maikaʻi" wale nō
- ʻO ka mālama mau a me ka manawa maʻamau i ka hakakā a me ka hānai ʻana i nā pōpoki.
- Ka ʻoki ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā mea maʻi like ʻole
ʻO nā maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻamau ka inoa loa: marbling of leaf, chlorosis (infectious), necrosis of veins leaf, vein mosaic, short-knot.
ʻO nā maʻi ʻaʻole i loaʻa
ʻO ka maʻi maʻamau loa i kumu ʻia e nā maʻi he chlorosis (hao). Ke hōʻea nei ia ma muli o ke ʻano pōʻino o ka pōʻaiapuni, nui ka ulu ʻana i ke anuanu, a ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili hewa o ka ʻāina kekahi puʻu ke kumu.
ʻO ka alkalization nui a me ka hoʻolaʻa nitrogen e alakaʻi i ka chlorosis. ʻO kekahi kumu maʻamau ʻo ka nele o ka hao ma ka lepo.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻoia aku iā ia e kēia mau hiʻohiʻona: maloʻo ka hua waina, ʻōpō ke maloʻo a maloʻo, a lilo nā lau i ʻōleʻa, lilo i pale me ka hiʻo melemele.
Hana ʻia ʻo Chlorosis e ka hoʻōla ʻana i ka hopena me ka hoʻohui o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā hao hao i kēlā me kēia manawa, akā ke pale ʻia ka aniani i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana. Hoʻololi ʻia kahi neʻe o ka 10 l. wai a hoʻohui ʻia iā ia he 100-200 kaile o ka hao keleawe. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā lau me ka hao pipi, hoʻoikaika ʻo ia i ko lākou ʻano.
Eia kekahi i ka hao, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e hōʻiliʻili i ka lepo me nā huaora, kahi i loaʻa ai ka manganese, zinc a me ka boron.
Hoʻohui ʻia nā hua waina
ʻAʻole ka maʻi wale nō o nā hua waina i nā maʻi wale nō, akā he helu nui nō hoʻi o nā pōpoki e hōwaliwali ai i ka mea kanu a lilo i papaha. ʻO ka mea weliweli loa: phylloxera, leaflet, grape motley, spider mite a me nā mea'ē aʻe.
Ma kahi o 10 mau pōpoki o nā hua waina, nā hana pale a me nā ana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, e heluhelu ma kā mākou kikowaena ʻo Mr. Summer kauwela.
