ʻAʻole i maʻalahi ka kūʻaiʻana i kahi bipi pipi.
Ma kēia hana,ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kaʻikeʻana i kaʻike e pili ana i nāʻano momona o nā bipi i hanaʻia no ka loaʻaʻana o ka waiū mai o lākou.
Ponoʻoe e loiloi i ka milkiness o kēlā me kēiaʻano i kohoʻia.
He mea maikaʻi loa keʻike i ka hopena o nā mea ulu i nāʻoihana mahiʻai o ka'āina, a me ke kūʻaiʻana aku i ka bipi a me ka momona o ka mea i hānaiʻia i laila.
No nā makahiki he nui, mai ka papa inoa o nāʻohana holoholona pipi a pau, ua kohoʻia nāʻano he nui e kūpono i nā mea e pono ai ka mea mālama i nā hua puaʻa.
ʻO Holstein pua puaa
Ua hānaiʻia nā pipi o Holstein maʻAmelika a me Kanada. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka hoʻokumuʻana i kēia lāhuiʻo ia ke loaʻaʻana o nā holoholonaʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka milkiness a me ke kino ikaika.
I ka makahiki 1861, uaʻikeʻia kekahi pua hou o nā bipiʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo (Holstein friezes). Mai ka makahiki 1983, ua loaʻa i kēia pipi kona inoa i kēia manawa a ua lōʻihiʻia ma ka pōʻai o nā mea holoholona.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kau bipi Holstein i penaʻia i kaʻeleʻele a me nā nalu nalu. Eia kekahi, he mau holoholona kekahi me kaʻulaʻula ulaʻula.
ʻO ka kaumaha o ka bipi'ōpiopio e like paha me 650 kilokani, a he 750 kilokani ka nui o kahi holoholona makua. inā hiki iāʻoe ke "momona" i ka bipi wahine Holstein i ke kaumaha o 800-850 kilokilo, a laila e noʻonoʻoʻoe ua lanakilaʻoe i ka hānaiʻana i nā holoholona. ʻO ke kaumaha o ka bipi hoʻokahi hiki ke piʻi i ka 1200 kg.
Loaʻa nā holsteins nā mea i hoʻomoʻa maikaʻiʻia, uaʻike ponoʻia nā'ōmaʻa waiū, a ua hōʻikeʻia ka mele i ka naniʻole e like me nā mea'ē aʻe o kēiaʻano.
ʻO kaʻona he mea momona, ākea, paʻa pono i ka paia o ka'ōpū. Aia ma waena o 95% o nā bipi, ua hoʻokumuʻia kaʻili i loko o ke kīla.
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka momona o ka bipi kauō e pili ana i keʻano o ka loli o ke aniau o ka'āina kahi e ola ai ka holoholona i kēia manawa.
ʻO ka poʻe Holstein e noho ana ma nā mahiʻai i kahi mahana a me ke kai moana, e hāʻawi aku i ka nui o 10,000 kg, a mai kēlā mau holoholona i ulu i kahi anuanu o ka'ōhuʻu,ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i ka 7,500 kilokika o ka waiū.
Akā,ʻo ka mea iʻikeʻia,ʻo ia ka mea i māhelehele nuiʻia ka momona o ka momona,ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ka hihia mua, e loaʻa ka waiū me ka momona momona, a ma ka lua - me ka lawa.
I ka lukuʻana i kēiaʻano bipi,ʻo ka hua o kaʻiʻo e pili i 50 - 55%.
ʻO ka mea hānai o Ayrshire
Ua hoʻihoʻiʻia nā bipi wahine e Ayrshire i ka kenekulia 18 ma Scotland ma ka heleʻana i Dutch,'Alderney, Tiswatera, a me nā bipi Fama. Ma waho, ua hoʻokumuʻia kēia mau bipi i ikaika loa, me kaʻanoʻano like.
He ikaika ka iwi hope o lākou, akā he lahilahi, he ākea a hohonu ka sternum. Heʻuʻuku ke poʻo, a ma kahi o ke alo. Nā Hulu nā mākū mālamalama nui nui. He pōkole a lahilahi ka'ā'ī, i uhiʻia me nā'āpanaʻili o kaʻili.
ʻO ka hoʻoili ma waena o ka poʻohiwi a me ke poʻo ke laumeʻa. Hoʻopuka liʻiliʻi, akā ua kau pololei. Hoʻokumu maikaʻiʻia nāʻiʻo. He lahilahi kaʻili o kēia mau bipi, me ka lauoho lauoho.
ʻO keʻano o keʻano o ka pahu, i hoʻomohala maikaʻiʻia, kahi liʻiliʻi, a hoʻopaʻaʻia i nā wā kūpono. ʻO ka lau mua o kēia mau bipi he meaʻulaʻula a keʻokeʻo, a ma hope iho uaʻikeʻia nā bipi i keʻokeʻo me nā wahi liʻiliʻiʻulaʻula, a ua penaʻia ke kino a pau ma kaʻulaʻula me nā'āpana keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo.
He paʻakikī keʻano o kēia mau holoholona, hiki iā lākou ke hopohopo, hiki iā lākou ke hōʻike i ka huhū. ʻO Colds, ua hoʻomanawanui kēia mau bipi, akā, i ka wela wela, e lohi ana.
ʻO ke kaumaha o ka bipi i ka wā o ke kanaka makua, hiki ke 420-500 kg, a me ka bipi - 700-800 kg.
Hoʻokumuʻia nā koʻi i ka liʻiliʻi, 25-30 kg i kēlā me kēia.
'Akū hāʻawi i ka waiū nui. I loko o ka manawa o ka lactation, 4000-5000 kg o ka waiū me ka momona momona o 4-4.3% e hiki ke loaʻa mai kahi kahu bipi.
Ma muli o kēia momona momona i loko o ka waiū o kēia mau bipi, hiki keʻikeʻia nā pūpū momona liʻiliʻi.
Hoʻomaopopoʻia ka pukaʻana mai o nāʻano Ayrshire i mea maikaʻi. Mai kahi bipi e pili ana i 50-55% o kona kaumaha e hele i ka meaʻai.
He mea hauʻoli nō hoʻi e heluhelu e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka luluʻana i ka bipi.
Ka momona Polani
Uaʻikeʻia nā bipi kauō Lūlani i nā kūlana kaulana loa o kēiaʻano ma keʻano nui. Ua hānaiʻia kēiaʻohana me ka hoʻohanaʻoleʻia o nāʻano'ē, i ka mua ua maikaʻi.
I kēia lā, ua uluʻia kēiaʻano bipi i 33 mau'āina. ʻO nā pohāʻeleʻele Holani keʻanoʻekolu:ʻeleʻele a me ka motley, kaʻulaʻula a me ka motone a me Groningen. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa o lākou, he mauʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo, aʻo ka inoaʻelua o nā bipi bipi Frisia.
No nā makahiki he 150 o ka hānauʻana o kēia mau bipi, ua hiki i nā mea hana holoholona ke hoʻomalu i kēia mau holoholona i ka pae i ka wā e hui ai lākou i nā kūlana maikaʻi. Ma mua,ʻo kēia mau bipi i hilinaʻi waleʻia i kaʻiʻo,ʻaʻole i lawa ponoʻia ma kahi o ka puʻupuʻu pa'ū.
I kēia mau lā,ʻaʻole i hāʻawi nuiʻia kēia mau bipi i ka waiū, akā loaʻa kahi kino maikaʻi.
He ikaika ko lākou mau iwi, aʻo ko lākou kua hoʻi,ʻo ka hapakolu hope o ka bipi wahine he ākea a pololei,ʻo ia hoʻi kaʻano o nā bipi bipi Friesian.
Hāpai maikaʻiʻia kēia mau moa i mua a me waena o ke kino. He nui ka'ilena, ua māhele likeʻia nā lobes, ua hoʻonohonoho ponoʻia nā nipples. ʻOiaiʻo kēiaʻano o nā holoholona a me nā hemahema, no ka lōʻihi o ka wā o ka hana, ua hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopau.
Ma kahi o ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana,ʻoi aku i ka 4500 kg o ka waiū e hiki ke loaʻa mai ka pua mai hoʻokahi, kahi he 4% nā mea hōʻailona o ka momona o ka momona..
Ke ulu wikiwiki nei kēiaʻano holoholona, no ka makahiki mua o ke ola e hiki i ka bipi keiki ke loaʻa i kahi 300 kilokilo kaumaha.
Hiki i nā bipi wahine ke kaumaha i 500-550 kakani, a me ka bipi - 800-900 kg.
Hoʻokumuʻia nā bipi i nui, 38-40 kg.
Inā maikaʻi ka momona o ka holoholona, a laila ma ke kahua o ka lukuʻana i ka helu o ka meaʻai mai ka nui o nā bipi e lilo i 55 - 60%.
ʻO ka hua'ōpiopio o ka bipi
ʻO nā bipi kauō momona he nui loa, akā, hiki i kekahi poʻe ke heluʻia i kaʻiʻo a me ka pipi puaa.
Ua kapaʻia kēia inoa i ka inoa no ka laulā maʻamau o ka holoholona - uaʻulaʻula ke kala, a ua like keʻano ma waena o ka'ōmaʻomaʻo i keʻokeʻo.
Hiki i nā wahi keʻokeʻo ma kaʻili, ma ka'ōpū a me nā wāwae paha. No nā bipi, heʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele o ka sternum a me ke kua i ka hiʻohiʻona.
I ka kiʻekiʻe, hiki i nā bipi kau e ulu i ka 126-129 cm, ke anaʻia mai ka maloʻo.
ʻO nā bipi pipi puaʻa he pākū laʻau ma nā hōʻailona waho. He mau iwi māmā, he kino lōʻihi, he poʻo liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka'ā'ī, lōʻihi, lahilahi, uhiʻia me ka nui o nāʻiliʻili.
He hohonu ka sternum, ua liʻiliʻi, ua maikaʻiʻole ka hoʻolālāʻana. He ākea ka malo, ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi, hiki ke ala i kahi sacrum. He nui ka nui o ka'ōpū, akāʻaʻole i paʻi ka pāpū abdomina. Lele ikaika a pololei ke kaula.
Mālama maikaʻiʻia ka'ō, e like me keʻano o ka puni, ka nui i ka nui, ka nani ma keʻano.
I kekahi manawa, hiki ke kūpono i nā bipi i kūʻoleʻia i ka'ōpū,ʻo ia hoʻi, heʻano kūponoʻole ia, a ua hanaʻoleʻia nā lobes.
Hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia nā bipi kaupae māmā i ka hou hou, ka wela wela, nele i kaʻai aʻai i ka mauʻu i ke kula no ka hele.
Hiki ke nānāʻia nā hemahema waho i nā lālā i pololeiʻole, ka sternum sternum, a me kahi sacrum sac.
Hoʻokumu maikaʻiʻia ka momona o nā pipi o kēiaʻano, heʻuʻuku ka kaumaha. ʻO nā bipi i komo i ka hōʻailonaʻekolu aʻoi aku paha i ke kaumaha o 450-510 kg. Hiki i nā kupa ke hana i ka 800-900 kg o ke kaumaha o ke kino.
Hoʻokumuʻia nā bipi i 30-40 kg ma muli o ke kāne.
ʻO kaʻaiʻana he 50-55%.
ʻO ka maʻamau,ʻo ka wai o ka waiū no ka bipi kau i 3500-4000 kg o ka waiū me ka momona o 3.7-3.9%.
ʻO kaʻohana momona o nā bipi
Hāpaiʻia nā bipi kaupona i kekahi o nā lālāʻoi loa o nāʻano momona. I ka manawa pinepine i paʻiʻia lākou i kaʻeleʻele a me nā pale i hoʻololiʻia, akā i kekahi manawa eʻikeʻoe i nā bipi o nāʻulaʻula ulaula a me nāʻulaʻula,ʻeleʻele aʻeleʻele.
ʻO ke kino o kēia mau holoholona he'āpana, he mau wāwae, he kua hope a me kahi maloʻo, hiki i ka sacrum ke 5-6 cm ka mea iʻoi aku ma mua o ka mea maloʻo, kahi kokoke i ka hikiʻole keʻike.
ʻO ka malo ka laulā, a pālahalaha. Kūlahalaha nui, maikaʻi maikaʻi. Hoʻonohonoho pololeiʻia nā wāwae., ua weheweheʻia lākou i nā hui a me nā'ōniu. He momona ka'ōpū, a puni. Hoʻokumu maikaʻiʻo Sternum, akāʻaʻole hohonu.
ʻO ke kūʻana o ka musculature kekahi ma kahi kūpono. ʻO ke kino he'ōwili, ka'ōlohelohe. ʻO kaʻilima ka wela,ʻo ka lobes i hoʻolālā nuiʻia,ʻo nā nipples he'ōleʻele, hiki ke loli ke lōʻihi o 6.5 a 9 knm.
Heʻuʻuku ke poʻo, e pili ana i ka maka. He pōkole nā poʻo.
E hoʻohana i nāʻano hou no ka mālamaʻana i kēia bipi i ka wikiwiki.
Kūlepa nā wāhine i ka 480-590 kilokani, ma nā bipi - 850-950 kg.
ʻO nā bipi nui loa i loaʻa i 800kg, a me nā bipi - 1.2 tons.
ʻO kaʻiʻo o kēia mau bipi a maikaʻi loa.
Me nā momona momona o ka nui o ka holoholona 55-60% e hāʻawiʻia i ka meli maʻemaʻe.
He kiʻekiʻe kaʻoihana milia, mai ka bipi wahine hiki ke loaʻa iāʻoe mai 3600-5000 kilokika o ka waiū me ka helu momona o 5%.
I ka wā o ka laʻauʻana, hiki i ka bipi ke lawe aku i mua o 10,000 kg o ka waiū.
I ka Yaroslavl pua o nā bipi
Ua hānaiʻia ka hua puaa Yaroslavl i ka makahiki 19 i ka moku Yaroslavl ma muli o ka hānauʻana. Ua manaʻoʻia kekahi o nā momona maikaʻi loa ma ka'āina o ka'āina CIS.
ʻO kaʻeleʻele o kēia mau bipi he nui kaʻeleʻele, akā aia kekahi mau kānaka no kaʻeleʻele a me ka motley a me kaʻulaʻula a me ka nalu. ʻO ke poʻo e aneane mau keʻokeʻo, ua hanaʻia nā'ōpoki keʻokeʻo i nā maka, aʻeleʻele ka ihu. ʻO ka'ōpū, kaʻili o ka huelo a me nā wāwae haʻahaʻa e penaʻia i keʻokeʻo.
Hiki i kaʻilima makua ke loaʻa he 125-127 hm, aʻo kona kaumaha ma laila he 460-500 kg. Hiki i nā bipi ke helu i 700-800 kg.
ʻO keʻano kino o nā pōhakuʻo Yaroslavl, heʻano mele wale nō ia, heʻanoʻuʻuku keʻano. ʻO ke kino ua pālahalaha nuiʻia, ua liʻiliʻi a lahilahi nā wāwae.
He hohonu ka umauma, akā, he lauwili, Hoʻopihaʻia ka hiku o ka hauua maloo. Ua lōʻihi ka'ā'ī, ua uhiʻia me nāʻano liʻiliʻi o kaʻili, he lahilahi a me ka ela i loko o kona hale.
ʻO ka momona o nā bipi i loko o kēia mau bipi i loaʻa i kahi liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole i hoʻomohalaʻia nāʻiʻo., a puni ke ana o ke kino.
ʻO nā poʻo o kēia mau bipi he maloʻo a he ololi, he pālahalaha loa kaʻaoʻao mua, he māmā nā pepeiao, akā,ʻeleʻele nā wēlau.
ʻO ka hope o ka laulā,ʻo ka sacrum i nā manawa heʻano mau keʻano o ka hale, he mau mea maʻamau kēlāʻanoʻano kūpikipiki o ke kino i loko o ka tubercles ischial a me ka hoʻomoe. He nui ka'ōpū, ua nui ka iwi ākea. ʻO ka'ōpū ka poepoe, maikaʻi loa.
ʻOi aku ka lahilahi o nā niho o mua ma mua o nā mea hope, heʻano kūikawāʻo ia i nā kau o Yaroslavl.
I hoʻokahi makahiki, hiki i ka bipi hoʻokahi ke hana ma ka 3500 - 6000 kilokika o ka waiū me ka momona momona o 4-4.5%. I ka wā o ka lactation mua, hiki ke inu i ka 2250 kg mai ka bipi.
ʻO kaʻiʻo o nā bipi o ka Yaroslavl i keʻano o ka maikaʻi maikaʻi,ʻo ka hana i ka pepehiʻana he 40-45%.
ʻO Tagil ka pua o nā bipi
ʻO nā pipiʻo Tagil wale nō nā bipi pipi. Hiki ke haʻahaʻa, aia ma kahi o kahi 125-128 knm, hiki ke piʻi i ka 450-480 kilo.
Ma waho, ua'ōkō nā bipi, e like me ke kino i hoʻonuiʻia (153-156 cm). Ua hoʻonohonoho hohonu ka pahu, ua pololei ka'ā'ī a lōʻihi, me nā'āpana liʻiliʻi.
ʻO kaʻili he mea maʻamau a paʻakikī. ʻO ke poʻo, he lāʻau maloʻo. ʻO kaʻaoʻao o kēia mau bipi i ka lōʻihi a liiki. He maikaʻi, he ikaika ka iwi hope. Mālama maikaʻiʻia ka'ō, ua hoʻonohonoho ponoʻia nā nipples a ua lōʻihi hoʻi ka lōʻihi.
ʻO kaʻili o ka bipi kaukani, heʻanoʻeleʻele ia a me nā lau i hoʻololiʻia, akā he mau meaʻeleʻele hoʻi,ʻeleʻele, ulaʻula, a me nā lole keʻokeʻo aʻeleʻele a me kaʻulaʻula.
ʻO ka māiʻuʻu, ka ihu a me ke kuhikuhi o nā pepeiaohaoʻeleʻele.
ʻO nā hemahema o kēiaʻano puaʻa aia ma kaʻaoʻao wale nō,ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki i ka bipi kau kūleʻa loa ke pelvis, kūwae pololei i nā wāwae aiʻole nā mumupalu i hoʻoikaikaʻia.
E hele ana kēia mau bipi i ka lewa i kaʻuhane, ua maʻa lākou i nāʻanoʻoiʻoiʻoi loa. Hanaʻia ka hana hana no ka bipi no ka wā lōʻihi loa, a hiki i ka piʻiʻana o nā lālani o 15-20 mau makahiki.
Heʻai maikaʻi nā'ōpiopioʻo Tagil. I kēlā lā i kēia lā, loaʻa ke kālā i ka bebies i ke kaumaha 770 - 850 g, aʻo ko lākou kaumaha i ka makahiki o kahi makahiki wale nō i hala he 400 - 480 kg. ʻO ka momona o ka holoholona, ka nui o kaʻiʻo e hiki ke loaʻa. Ua mālamaʻia ka menele ma 52-57%.
Mahalo maikaʻi kēia mau bipi - mai kahi bipi wahine hiki iāʻoe ke inu i ka nui o ka 5000 kg o ka waiū me ka momona o 3.8 - 4.2%.
I kēia manawa, he papa inoaʻoe o nāʻelele kūpono loa o nā bipi momona a hiki iāʻoe ke kūʻai aku i kahi bipi kūʻokoʻa mua a iʻole he keiki bipiʻuʻuku wale nō a hauʻoli i ka waiū hou i kēlā me kēia kakahiaka.
