He aha ke ʻano o ka fern - nā hiʻohiʻona o nā lau, nā aʻa o nā fern

Ua ulu nui nā mea like Fern me ka honua i ka manawa ma mua. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ko lākou olaʻana i nā miliona mau makahiki. Loaʻa i nā mea kanu kekahi ʻano o ke ola, makemake nui i nā hale noho melemele. ʻO ka hana kūikawā o ka fern ua hoʻopili pono ʻia i ke ola.

ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o nā mea kanu pā

ʻO ka fern, aia nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe. Manaʻo nā kānakaʻepekema he poʻe mamo pololei kēia o nā mea kanu kahiko - rhinophytes. Ma ke kaʻina o ka ʻōhumu, ua ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke kumu o nā ferns, no ke aha e helu ʻia ai nā ferns e like me nā mea kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻaʻohe mea makaʻu. Hoʻomaopopo ia:

• hana kālai lāʻau;
• ʻōnaehana vascular holomua;
• ka manawa kūpono i ke kaiāulu kūloko;

Fern ma ke ʻano maoli

Ma ka wehewehe, ʻo ka fern he mea kanu mau, pili i ka genus o nā mea kanu spore. I ka nīnau e pili ana i ka fern: he puʻu lau a mauʻu paha, hiki iā ʻoe ke pane i ka hōʻoia ma nā kūlana ʻelua. I kekahi manawa lāʻau nō naʻe.

Hoike hōkeo. Ke wehewehe nei i nā ferns, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke kōkua ke hoʻomanaʻo wale i kā lākou ʻano hana like ʻole, e hāʻawi ana i ka leʻaleʻa aesthetic. Ua lilo kēia mau mea kanu i mea hoʻonaninani maoli no nā pūnaewele. ʻO kā lākou mea pane ʻole ʻole e pale i nā maʻi a me nā pōpoki.

Hoʻololi ʻana i nā koi ola ʻehā

Nui ka nui o nā mea pili i ka palu. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia e nā ʻepekema kahiko. Nui nā mea i hoʻolālā ʻia ʻaʻole kūlike me kēlā me kēia. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā ferns o kēia au ua kau ʻia i ke ʻano o ka sponjy a me kekahi mau ʻano morphological. Hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​ʻāpana āpau i ka wā kahiko a me kēia mau mea.

ʻO nā papa inoa ʻehiku e hiki mai ana, nā wā pau loa a he ʻano hou, ua helu ʻia he ferns:

1. Aneurophitopsids (Aneurophytopsida) - ka hui kahiko loa.
2. ʻO Archaeopteridopsida (Archaeopteridopsida) - nā ʻelele kahiko, ka mea i like me nā conifers hou.
3. ʻO Cladoxylopsids (Cladoxylopsida) - aia kekahi mau ʻōuli e hōʻike ana kēia pūʻulu i kahi lālā makapō o ka ulu ʻana.
4. ʻO Zygopteridopsids (Zygopteridopsida a i ʻole Goenopteridopsida) he hui i nā hoʻololi i nā ʻano hou.
5. ʻO Ophioglossopsids a i ʻole Ophioglossopsida - nā fern hou.
6. Marattiopsida (Marattiopsida) - nā mea kanu ololi o nā liʻiliʻi a me nā nui.
7. Polypodiopsids (Polypodiopsida - ka mea mau makahiki a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi, nā mea kanu makahiki i nā ʻano like ʻole). Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i ʻekolu ʻāpana: Polypodiidae, Marsileidae, Salviniidae.

Moolelo o Fern Plant Spiesies

Ua hoʻomaka ka mōʻaukala o nā pua a i ka wā o ka dinosaurs - 400 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ma kahi ʻoluʻolu ʻoluʻolu a me nā anuanu o nā nahele ulu nūlā, ua hoʻokūkū ka pā i ka Honua. Ua hiki i kekahi mau holoholona i 30 m ke kiʻekiʻe. I ka hala ʻana, ua loli nui nā kūlana kime. Ehia mau lā kūlohelohe e pono ai a hiki i nā nīnū e like me nā dinosaurs a me nā huaʻai e like me nā huaʻai.

Me nā ʻano like ʻole o nā fern modern o kēia mau mea, ʻokoʻa loa ia mai nā mea kanu kahiko, he haʻahaʻa iā lākou i ka nui a me nā ʻano like ʻole. Akā hiki i kēia lā ʻo ia ka hui nui loa o nā pua - 300 genera a ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 tausani mau lāʻau. ʻO nā kui ākea, ma muli o ka palupulu o nā kaiapuni a me nā hiʻohiʻona kupaianaha o ka hoʻohālikelike.

Hoʻonui ma ke kūlohelohe, nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano ʻano

I ka manawa a kahi e ulu ai ka fern e pili i kahi wela a me ka haʻahaʻa o ka wahi. ʻO ka noho ʻana o nā mea kanu ubiquitous paha:

• nā mākaʻu haʻahaʻa a ma lalo;
• nā ʻōpala, nā muliwai a me nā loko;
• nā kahawai a me nā pā nā wai;
• pale nā ​​pōhaku;
• pā o nā hale;
• nā alanui.

Ostrich

Ma nā aniani e hele aku ai, hiki ke loaʻa nā haneli o nā mākeke lālani. ʻO kahi mea ʻike pōkole o kekahi mau ʻano.

1. ʻO Orlyak maʻamau. Kuhi nui ʻia e nā lau ma ke ʻano he umbrella hāmama. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma nā kumu lāʻau pine, kūpono no ka ʻai.
2. ʻO ka thyroid kāne. He lāʻau lapaʻau lāʻau me nā lau a hiki i 1,5 m ke lōʻihi, ʻokoʻa loa. Hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau thyroid i ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma kahi anthelmintic.
3. Nā wahine coder. ʻO nā mea kanu nui me nā lau nani nani.
4. ʻOstrich maʻamau. ʻAno pā nani. Ma muli o nā rhizomes lōʻihi, e hoʻopuni ana i nā makika āpau. Hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻāina hana. Kui ʻia nā lau o ʻōlehu.
5. Osmund. Kūkulu ʻia kahi mea kanu rhizome pōkole a lōʻihi nā lau loloa i Asia Hikina a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika.
6. Mnogoryadnik. ʻO ka'ōmaʻomaʻoʻeleʻele kona mau lau, hoʻonohonohoʻia i nā lālani.

He kūpono no ka ulu i ka home:

• Kostenets;
• ʻO Neprolepis;
• Davallia;
• Asplenium;
• Dixonia;
• Pteris.

Kipa nani kēia mau mea kanu i loko o ka home. He nani loa nā ʻano kamaliʻi me nā lau corrugated.

Kela hale

Nā ʻike maoli:

1. ʻO ka Hecistorteris pumila a me azolla cariliniana nā lāʻau haʻahaʻa loa. ʻAʻole lākou i ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o 12 mm.
2. Manaʻo nui nā Epiphyte i nā lāʻau a me nā kumuwaiwai.
3. Ma nā kuahiwi hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa ke lauoho ʻo Venus - kahi mea kanu kupanaha me nā lau openwork nani.
4. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kumulāʻau o nā ʻōpū nunui i nā ʻōpala i nā wahi hale.
5. Manaʻo nui ka Marsilea quadrifolia ma lalo o ka wai.
6. Loaʻa ka Dicranopteris (Dicranopteris) i nā lau lau o ka ikaika metallic.

Rare ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻaʻai:

• Hoʻokomo ʻia ka thyroid;
• Hoʻopili ke Fegopteris;
• Kāleka Mnogoryadnik;
• Aslenia pā;
• Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻōpala.
• Ua kau inoa ʻia nā fern flor Salvinia i ka Red Book o Belarus.

Ehia nā ferns e ola

ʻO ka nīnau "ehia mau makahiki e ola ai kahi fern" ʻaʻole maʻalahi. Kau ka ola o ke ola ma kahi o kona ulu a me nā ʻano. I nā anuanu huhū, ua make ka hapa o ka ʻāina kai me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu, ma nā tropic hiki iā ia ke ulu a nui mau makahiki. Hoʻopili ʻia nā aila adnexal i kēlā me kēia makahiki he mau makahiki hou; ʻo ka rhizome pono nō e noho mau a hiki i 100 mau makahiki. Hiki i kēia hiʻohiʻona ke ola i nā mea kanu i nā kūlana āpau.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka mea kanu meaʻai

E hānai ana ʻo Fern-like i nā mea kanu pono ma o nā aʻa a me nā lau. Pono nā huina olakino e pono ai a hoʻōla ka mea kanu mai ka lepo. Hoʻopau ka lau i ke kaʻina o ka photosynthesis, ka hoʻohuli o ka carbon dioxide i nā waikawa organik. No laila loaʻa ka fern i ke kō a me ke kō, pono no nā hana nui o nā mea āpau.

ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke ʻano o nā mea kanu manu

He hana makamae nā kūpuna o nā mea kanu. Ma ke kaʻina hana o kaʻenehana, ua lilo i mea paʻakikī.

Ka ʻōpala

Hoʻi ʻia ka nui o nā fern ma ka liʻiliʻi. Kāhea ʻia ia he rhizome. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā pua ʻaluna me nā hehi manu he meaʻokoʻa loa paha. Hiki ke kala ʻia ka rhizome curly lōʻihi loa.

Nā lau, Vayi

ʻOi aku ka nui o ka lau moa ma mua o ka lāʻau. ʻAʻole lākou i maʻamau maʻamau, he mau hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe o ke ʻano a me ka ulu ʻana, nā ʻano like ʻole. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia lākou, cirrus. ʻO Vayi - ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia nā lau o ka fern. Hoʻopili ka petiole o ka lau i lalo o ka ʻāpana o ka pahu - ke kumu a i ʻole rhizome. ʻO ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana iā lākou, he paʻakikī ke hoʻomaopopo i kahi e pau ai ka aʻa a ma ka pae kahi e hoʻomaka ai ka lau. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hoihoi o ka vaya ka ulu o ka luna, kahi curl a me nā wā lōlū i ka curl i ke ʻano o kahi kukuna.

Waiy

Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lau ma ka lalo o ka pūpū a kū a ʻelua mau makahiki. Eia wale nō i ka makahiki ʻekolu e hiki iā lākou ke kū mai ma luna o ka lepo. Ma muli o ka ulu apical, hiki ka waiyas o nā fern i kahi nui loa.

I ka hapanui o nā mea kanu, ua komo nā vayas i ke kaʻina o ka photosynthesis, mea kanu, a me ka manawa like i ka hana ʻana o nā pua. Hōʻike nā spores i nā ʻeha, aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā lau i loko o ke ʻano o nā pāpaʻi a hoʻokahi a hui paha.

ʻŌnaehana ʻoihana

Aia ka ʻōnaehana kumu o ka mana rhizome ikaika a me nā aʻa subordinate he nui. Hoʻopili ka mea conductive ma luna o ke aʻa a me nā aʻa a hoʻomohala i ka wai ma mua o nā mea vascular i nā lau.

Nā ʻōhua kino

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke ola o Fern i ʻelua mau alikua: lōʻihi ka lōʻihi - sporophyte a me ka moʻo pōkole - gametophyte. ʻO nā hua hua o nā huaʻai - sporangi, kahi i loaʻa ai nā pua, ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā lau. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻōpū ma waho o ke kuʻi manu ʻana a lawe ʻia ʻia e ka makani mamao mai ka mea kanu makuahine. Hoʻohālikelike kekahi poʻe ʻepekema i ka hana spore i ka pua o nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe.

Hoʻokomo wale kekahi hapa o ka nui o nā spora i ola. Hoʻomaka ka hana hamu i ka wā i ulu ai ka pua ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi i kahi ulu haploid (gametophyte), me he keʻe lāleʻe ma ke ʻano o kahi puʻuwai he mau kenekulia ka nui. Ma ka waha o ka ulu o ka ulu a me ka wahine o ke kāne a me nā kāne kūpono i hoʻokumu ʻia - anteridia a me archegonia. Hāʻawi ʻia nā hua a me ka spermatozoa i loko o lākou i ka ʻāina mākū, a ʻano ʻia kahi zygote, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka huaʻō o ke ʻano o nā mea kanu ʻōpiopio, sporophyte.

Hiki i ka mea kanu ke hoʻomuʻi ma nā mea kanu i ka wā e hoʻokumu ai nā mea kanu brood i nā aʻa a me nā aʻa. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia no nā māla i ulu i kekahi mau lāʻau ma kā lākou pūnaewele.

Hoʻohālikelike me nā mea kanu lāʻau ʻē aʻe

ʻO Fern-like - kēia mau huaʻī, nā lio a me nā lei. Hoʻopau lākou a pau ma nā spores a loaʻa i kahi kumu maʻamau.

ʻO Ferns keʻano hoʻohālike i nā hiʻohiʻona mai nā mea kanu mea kanu.

1. Hoʻokaʻawale lākou i nā algae e nā lau rhizome a me nā lau paʻakikī.
2. I nā moena a me nā fern, e hoʻohuli nā hanauna o ka gametophyte a me nā sporophyte. Loaʻa ka Gametesophyte i nā mosses; ʻO ka hele ʻana o kahi kiko conductive i ke ʻano o nā mea vascular e hana i nā mea hoʻohālikelike o nā mea kanu fern i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke ala o ke ola terestrial.
3. ʻAʻole like me nā mea kanu pua, hānau hou lākou e nā pua a ʻaʻole i pua.

Ma muli o kāna pūnaehana waiwai waiwai, loaʻa ka fern i nā mea pono no ka poʻe. Hoʻohanaʻia no nā kumu lāʻau a me ka kuke ʻana, kūpono no ka paʻakai. ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau kuʻuna hoʻi ʻaʻole i hānai i nā mea kanu maikaʻi.