ʻO paha ma waena o nā bipi pipi momona a pau loa kaʻike nui.
Ma hope o nā mea a pau, hiki i kēia mau holoholona ke hoʻoluʻolu iā kākou i kēlā me kēia lā wale nō me nā hua liʻiliʻi, a hele pinepine lākou no kaʻai, aʻo ka pipi i loaʻa mai iā lākou he mea nui ka waiwai.
ʻO ka mea pinepine, ua hānaiʻia nāʻano bipi i nā'āina nui e hāʻawi ana i ka waiū i nā mea kanu nui. Akā, no nāʻohana o kēlā me kēiaʻohana,ʻaʻole lākou i emi iki, no ka mea, ua kūpaʻa ka noi no ka waiū i hanaʻia e ka home ma muli o nā pilikia a me ka manawa o ka makahiki.
Ma lalo nei eʻike mākou i ka huaʻeleʻele a me ka noʻonoʻo o kēia mau mea hana nani a me ka hōʻikeʻana iāʻoe i keʻano o ko lākou mau hiʻohiʻona a me ka huahua.
ʻO nāʻike nui loa a me nā kūpono no nā kahu bipi i nā bipiʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo.
ʻO ka moʻaukala o ka lāhui a me nā kānaka maʻamau
No ka loaʻaʻana o nā bipi me ka nui o ka waiū waiū, ua hanaʻia kahi lālā hānau lōʻihi loa, a me ka heleʻana o nā lāhui Lūkini o ka'āina me nā bipiʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo.
ʻO ka mea i hopena, ua hanaʻia he nui o nā pūʻulu āpana o kēia mau holoholona, a he mea nui nāʻokoʻa ma waena o kekahi o lākou.
ʻO ka mea nui loa,ʻo ia nā mea i hanaʻia mai nāʻano makua likeʻole, a ma lalo o nāʻano likeʻole o nā mea a me nāʻano hānai. Ma hope o nā mea a pau,ʻo ka pahuhopu nui o ka poʻe hoʻohiwahiwa e hānai i nāʻano polyzonal hou o nā bipiʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo mai nā bipi mai o kahi lāhui Dutch.
I waena o nāʻohana makuahine o ka'āina no ka heleʻana i kahi o lākou:
- ʻO ka lāhui Lūkini nui.
- Zauralskaya.
- ʻO Ukrainian.
- Siberian.
- Central Asia.
I kēia mau lā,ʻikeʻia nāʻelima nui loa o nā bipiʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo,ʻo ia hoʻi:ʻo ka mea nui loa he kikowaena (e loaʻa mai ana mai nā kauū Lūkini Central), Baltic, Siberian, a me Ural.
A o ka hapalima o ka heluna o ka heluna o na lunamakaainana o na anuu a me na panana o ka panana - Belarus, Ukraine, Central Asia, a me na mahele Transcaucasian. Hele mākou i kāu nā hiʻohiʻona nā huahana poʻokelaʻekolu o nā holoholona i hōʻikeʻia:
- ʻO nā bipiʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo o ka hui waena ke nānāʻia he nui loa i ka nui aʻo nā mea maʻamau.
ʻO ke kaumaha o nā wāhine he 550-650 kilokani. ʻO nā mea koʻikoʻi nui o ka nui o nā holoholona heʻoi aku keʻano o nā mākaʻi o kaʻano o ka meaʻai iʻoi aʻe ma mua o ka waiū, e komo ana me kaʻeleʻele a me ka motley.
Hōʻike kēia mea hōʻike i ka ikaika o ka hui kaiaulu ma ka hanaʻana i ka meaʻai. I loko o ka kūkuluʻana,ʻo ka pūʻulu i ho'ākākaʻia, heʻano like ia, heʻano nani loa.
Hoʻohilahiʻaʻia ka manaʻo e nā wāwae pōkole,ʻaʻole he mea kānalua i ka nui o ke kaumaha. Ma waho o ke kaupaona, aia kaʻoihana kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke 5500-6500 kilokika ma kēlā me kēia manawa.
Akāʻo kaʻino o kēia hua o nā kauʻeleʻele a me kaʻeleʻele ka momona momona o ko lākou waiū -ʻo 3.6-3.7% wale nō.
- ʻO nā luna o kaʻohana Ural o nā puaʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo ua maʻalahi lākou i ke kaumaha a kūkuluʻia.
He maloʻo a heʻeleʻele hoʻi ko lākou kino, he 500 a 600 kilokani ko lākou kaumaha. Ua like ka emiʻana o kaʻiʻo o kēia mau bipi, e like me ka mea i hōʻikeʻia e nā wāwae kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka hanaʻana o ka milu he mea liʻiliʻi ma hope o ka hui mua (5000-6000 kg), akā, ma keʻano o ka momona momona,ʻo ka waiū o nā bipi Ural heʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe - 3.8-3.9%.
- ʻO ka pūʻulu Siberia o nā bipiʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo he meaʻuʻuku ia i ke kaumaha o ke kino -ʻo 450-550 kilokani wale nō.
ʻO kēlāʻano kumukānāwai liʻiliʻi e hiki ke hiki ke lawe aku i nā mea nui o kaʻiʻo meli maikaʻi loa.
ʻOiai ka ikaika o ka milkiness e pili ana i nā kūlana o nā huiʻelua, e mau ana ka kiʻekiʻe: i ka manawa o hoʻokahi lactation, ma ka awelika, 4500-5000 kilokaʻi o ka waiū, ua loaʻa ka momona i ka 3.7-3.8%.
ʻElua mau puʻupaʻaʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo, ka mea i hōʻikeʻoleʻia, he mau waena lākou ma ko lākou mau hiʻohiʻona,ʻoiaiʻaʻole lākou i emi iho ma mua o ka mea i'ōleloʻia ma luna ma kā lākou milkiness a me kā lākou meaʻai.
He mea nui ia e hoʻomaopopo i kēlā me kēia mau inoa āpau o ka huiʻeleʻele a me ka motone, e hiki nō iā lākou a pau ke hoʻololi kūpono i ka nui o nā kaulike a me nā kau wela o ka hoʻopaʻa.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā bipiʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo: he aha ka mea'ē aʻe e pili ana i ka pua?
Ma waho aʻe o nā mea i hōʻikeʻia ma luna nei, heʻanoʻanoʻano like paha kēiaʻanoʻano o nā lālā a pau, me ka nānāʻole i ka hui kaiaulu. ʻO ka mea mua loa, heʻano a me nāʻano:
- He'ahuʻula keʻano o Udder, kahi e hōʻike ana i kona nui (he 120 mau kenimika i ke kāʻei) a me kahi mea paʻa i ke kino o ka bipi.
He pālahalaha loa ia, he pae kiʻekiʻe, akā i ka manawa like, he kūpono ia no ka mīkini aʻaʻole e pili i ka holoholona i ka neʻeʻana.
ʻO kaʻili o kaʻili he palupalu loa ia, e hiki ai ke hoʻolālā i ka hoʻouluʻana o ka waiū a emi iho ma hope o ka milikō.
- Ma muli o nā nū i hoʻonohonohoʻia ma kahi mamao aku o kekahi me kekahi, e like me keʻano o ka lolo. ʻO keʻano,ʻelua o nā niho hope e pili kokoke ana i kekahi i kekahi ma mua o kekahi mau maka mua,ʻaʻole e pili i ka hana milia me nā lima a me nā mea hana.
- He kiʻekiʻe loa ka'ilina o nā'ōpū - 43-45%.
ʻO kēia hōʻike kekahi o nā mea nui loa no nā bipi wahine waiū, no ka mea, ua hōʻikeʻia ka lihi o ka nui o ka waiū i huaʻia mai nā lālani muaʻelua i ka nui o ka waiū i huaʻia e ka bipi.
ʻO kēlāʻano kiʻekiʻe, e like me ia ma kēiaʻano, e hōʻike ana i kahi hapahā-hapakā i loaʻa i ka loaʻa a me ka waiū nui o nāʻelele o ka lāhui.
Ma waho, eʻikeʻia nā bipiʻeleʻele a me ke keʻokeʻo e kahiʻano kino ikaika. Kekiʻa ma nā holoholona nui loame ka maʻalahi. Kaha a paʻa nā lima, hoʻonohonoho ponoʻia.
ʻO ka meaʻoi loa, ua hoʻololiʻia kēia hiʻohiʻona i nā lālā o ka lāhui mai ko lākou mau kūpuna Rūkū. Eia kekahi, ponoʻoe e noʻonoʻo i kahi pālahalaha a me kahiʻaoʻao hope o ke kino, iho ma lalo a me ke keʻa. ʻO ka pahu o nā holoholona he ākea a hohonu.
He momona ka'ōpū, heʻano likeʻole ia o nāʻelele a pau o ka hana hana lawaiʻa. He lōʻihi ke kino o kēia mau bipi, akā, heʻano like.
ʻO keʻano o kēia mau bipi i keʻanoʻeleʻele a me ka motone. No ka hapanui, heʻeleʻele ko lākou kapa komo a me kaʻili o kaʻili, me kahi'ōmaʻomaʻu keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, kahi huelo huelo a kahi wahi keʻokeʻo ma kahi o nā hua'ōlelo. He maʻalahi kaʻili, ma lalo o ia manawa i ka hola hoʻoilo, he ulu mau ka momona o nāʻiʻo momona.
Ka wehewehe o nā palena o nāʻeleʻele o nā puaʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo
Ma ka aneane o nā holoholona a pau, ua kiʻekiʻe nāʻano o nā kāne kāne i kēlā me kēia o nā wāhine.
No laila, inā hiki ke hoʻololiʻia ka nui o nā heifers o kēia momo mai 450 a 650 kilokalo, a laila ka nui o nā bipi - mai 650 aʻoi aku i ka 1000 kilokani. I ka maloʻo,ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mua ma mua o 130 kenimika, aʻo ka kiʻekiʻe o ka lua i ke kau he 132 keneta.
Ma waena o nā mea nui'ē aʻe eʻike ana:
- ʻO ka hohonu o ka pahu me ka 67 mau kenimika.
- Ka nui o ka lahilahi - mai 39 a 41 mau kenimika.
- ʻO ka mahele o ke kāʻei i 178-182 centimeters.
- ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai 153 a 158 keneta.
- Aia Maklak ka whānui o ke kino 45-46 keneta.
- ʻO ka hoʻohuli o ka metacarpus he 19-20 kenetimita.
ʻO nā mea nui e pono ai keʻikeʻia e nā poʻe bipiʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo
ʻO ka mea maikaʻi,ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kaʻikeʻana ma mua o ka loheʻana i nā manawa he nui, akā,ʻo kaʻike maʻaʻokoʻa i nā pono o ka lāhui e hiki ai iāʻoe ke noʻonoʻo i kona kūlana.
ʻO ka haʻawina nui loa ka hanaʻana i ka waiū a me ka pono no ka mālamaʻana i nā mahiʻai nui a me nāʻoihana.
Akā,ʻoi aku ka pahu nā hiʻohiʻona nāʻaha o nā bipiʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo:
- ʻO ke kūpono maikaʻi i nāʻano likeʻole.
ʻO ka huiʻana o nā genes mai nā mākaʻi'āina o nā wahi likeʻole e mālama ai i ka hānaiʻana i nā bipi ma nāʻaoʻao hema a me ka'ākau. ʻO kēia ka mea i ho'āʻoʻia e nā poʻe hoʻoholo e hoʻokō i ka wā e ulu ana i nā puaʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo.
Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole hiki ke mālamaʻia nā mākaʻi o ka pua ma kaʻona lamaʻole i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, no ka mea, ua'āponoʻole lākou i ka mahana wela. I ka wā wela, e pono lākou i kahi wai a me nā hale kūʻokoʻa, nā kau.
- ʻO ke kūpaʻa o ka palekana i nā hopena o nā maʻi likeʻole.
Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i kēiaʻano i ka mea nui loa, no ka mea, he mea nui loa i nā bipi momona. ʻO ka meaʻoiaʻiʻo,ʻo kēlā me kēia maʻi e pili ana i ka holoholona, pili mau i ka hana waiū.
ʻO nā bipiʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo ua kūpaʻa nui loa i nā maʻi viral common, a me ka maʻi leukemia maʻiʻole.
ʻO nā maʻi Mastitis a me nā maʻi hauhā ka mea iʻaeʻia e nā kānaka āpau, akā,ʻo keʻano me ka ikaikaʻole. Uaʻikeʻia ka paʻa o ka ponoʻole ma nā keiki'ōpiopio i hānaiʻia e ka waiū o ka makuahine.
- ʻOihana maikaʻi o nā meaʻai'ōmaʻomaʻo no nā wahi manuahi nui, silage a me haylings.
No ka pono o ka waiū me nā bipi momona ka meaʻai maikaʻi loa, me ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā meaʻai maʻamau ma keʻano hiki ke hiki. No laila, i ke kauwela, kahi momona o nā holoholona ma nā māla i waho, kahi e "hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻia ai".
Ma ka manawa hoʻokahi, e lawa ka hānaiʻana iā lākou no ka hoʻouluʻana i ka waiū maoli. I ka hoʻoilo,ʻo ka'ōmole a me ka hay e pono ke kumu o ka meaʻai, akā,ʻo ka hoʻonuiʻana i nā meaʻai a me nā hiʻona e loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi i ka huahelu holoʻokoʻa.
- ʻO ka hikiʻana o nā kānaka ke maʻalahi ka maʻalahi no ka pohō kaumaha a me ka waiu.
He mea nui loa kēia helu i ka poʻe e kūʻai ana i ka bipi o ka puana i haʻiʻia ma kekahi'āina'ē aʻe. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻololi i kekahi pilikia noʻoe, no ka mea e hiki i ka holoholona ke hoʻololi i ka hoʻololiʻana me ka pilikiaʻole o nā pilikia a e hoʻopiha loaʻia.
Eia kekahi, ua hiki i nāʻelele o ka lāhui ke maʻalahi a loli i nā loli o ka wā, nā wā lōʻihi o ka ua a me nā maloʻo lōʻihi.
- ʻO ka precocity o nā holoholona.
ʻAʻole kēia wikiwiki i loaʻa i ke kaumaha, akā, ua mākaukau koke nō ia no ka hoʻohuiʻana i nā bipi keiki.
Loaʻa i kahi kaumaha o 400 mau kilokani ma mua o ka makahiki a me ka hapalua, ua hoʻomaka ka mea heʻe e hōʻike i ka hana moe kolohe, no laila, hoʻomaka nā keiki bipi mua i ka 2-4 mau mahina ma mua o kēlā me kēiaʻano.
I kēlā manawa hoʻokahi, ua hōʻike lākou i nā hiʻohiʻona makuahine maikaʻi loa, keʻano koʻikoʻi aloha i kā lākou mau keiki. ʻO ka maʻalahi ka maʻalahi, me ke kōkuaʻole. Noho mauʻo Burenka ma kēiaʻano ma hope o 10 mau makahiki, akāʻaʻole e emi ana ka hana waiū.
He mea maikaʻi nō hoʻi e heluhelu e pili ana i nāʻano momona o nā bipi.
He mea kūpono hoʻi kaʻikeʻana i nā kau bipi i ho'ākākaʻia ua kūpono maikaʻi no ka mīkiniʻana o ka mīkini. Hāʻawi kēia i kēia kahi hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi o nā nipples a me ko lākou lōʻihi lōʻihi no ka mea.
Eia kekahi, pono no kēia ka mamao mai ka mea a hiki i ka papahele, e lawe ana i 61 mau keneta. Eia kekahi, ma muli o ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka mīkini huapalapala, e hoʻemiʻia ka hoʻouluʻana i ka'ōpala i ka manawa liʻiliʻi, no ka mea,ʻo ka waiu e puka koke mai ana mai loko mai o nā niho i ka wikiwiki a me ka maʻalahi.
Hāʻawi pū kekahi i kēia keʻano mālie o nā holoholonahiki ke maʻalahi i ka walaʻau. I ka wā e hikiʻole ai i ka manuahi ke ho'āla i nā pilikia, no ka mea, ua kūpono ke kūʻana o ke pēpē i kou lima, no ka mea he 5-6 mau kenimika ka lōʻihi.
E hoʻomaka ana ka milka e holo mai kahi liʻiliʻi loa, ma kahi o ka piha. Ma muli o kēiaʻano pilikino, keʻano pilikinoʻole i nā holoholona momona o kēia lāhui e alakaʻi aku ai i ka hopena o kēlā maʻi e like me ka mastitis ka nui loa.
ʻO ka hānauʻana a me ka hānauʻana e pili ana i kēiaʻano iʻa e mau ana. Hoʻohana nuiʻia lākou e hoʻonui i ka momona o ka waiū. I ka wā i heleʻia ai me nāʻohana'ē aʻe, nā bipiʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo, he kumu ia o ka hānaiʻana i ka waiū, ka hanelike a me kahi pūnaewele palekana ikaika.
Pehea ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hanaʻana o nā bipi i hōʻikeʻia:ʻo nā kaulike pololei loa
ʻO ka hanaʻana i ka milikelu keʻano nui o ka noiʻana i nā holoholona
Inā mākou e noʻonoʻo i waena o nā bipi momona a pau ma Rūsia,ʻo nā bipiʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo kahi e mālama i kahi mahele nui (53%), a laila hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopau i ke kiʻekiʻe loa o kaʻoihana.
Inā mākou e hōʻuluʻulu i nā hopena o ka hana waiū o nā keiki a pau o ka pua, a laila, ma ka awelika,ʻo ka hōʻailona o nā hua o ka waiu he 5.5-8.5 mano kilokilo o ka waiū.
I ka manawa like, ke piʻi ka momona o ka momona mai ka 3.4 ai ka 4.2%, aʻo ka hōʻailona o ka mea pilikino i loko o ka waiū e like ia me ka 3 a 3.4%.
He mea nui no hoʻi ka uluʻana o nā bipiʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo i ka ikaika o ka waiu. Ke puhiʻia me ka kōkuaʻana o nā mea hana i hoʻokahi minute, hiki ke loaʻa iāʻoe mai 1.2 a 1.4 kilokalo o ka waiū.
Nāʻano o ka meaʻai e hoʻonui i ka hua
Ua maopopo he holoholona nui loa ka holoholona ma keʻano mua o ka loaʻaʻana o kaʻiʻo maikaʻi, a nui ke pili i nā kau. No laila, me ka ikaika nui o nā moa, ua hoʻohanaʻia nā bipiʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo no ka hoʻohuihuiʻana a no ka luku.
ʻO ka waiwai,ʻo ia hoʻi kaʻiʻo o kēlā mau bipi i hiki i ke kūlana.
ʻO ka mea iʻikeʻia i ka nui o ka hua o kēiaʻano pua e hiki ke hoʻomaopopoʻia e ke kaumaha o nā kānaka,ʻo nā mea hōʻike i hōʻike muaʻia ma luna. Akā, he mea kūpono hoʻi ke hoʻomaopopoʻia e hiki i nā'ōpiopio o ka'ōleʻeleʻeleʻele a me ka motie momona ke loaʻa koke ke kaumaha.
No laila, inā i ka hānauʻana, ua kaumaha i nā'ōpiopio he 35-40 kilokani, a laila i ka hānaiʻana me ka waiū umauma me ka hoʻohuiʻana i nā meaʻai hānai i 15-16 mau mahina, ua hiki ke kaumaha i nā 420-480 kilokilo.
Ināʻoe e hoʻokomo i ka momona mau i nā'ōpiopio, e piʻi mai ka hoʻonuiʻana mai 600 a 800 grams i ke ao, a me ka momona momona e like paha ia me 1 kilogram.
I kēia manawa i ka makahiki 1.5-2, hiki i nā kau bipi ke'āponoʻia no kaʻai. ʻO ka pukaʻana mai kahi kino make mai ka 50 a 60%. Hāʻawi kēia hōʻike i nā iwi māmā o nā holoholona.
ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka pipi i loaʻa mai i nā bipiʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo ua manaʻoʻia he maikaʻi. He momona a maikaʻi, akā, e like me nā kumu nui no nāʻano hopena o kēiaʻano meaʻai,ʻaʻole ia e hiki i nā hōʻailona makemake.
